Shared e-scooter and e-bike injury risk continues downward trend across Europe in 2025

Key findings

  • E-scooter safety improvements continue despite growing usage
    – Between 2024 and 2025, total kilometres travelled increased by 13.9%.
    – Despite this growth, injury risk continued to decline, with injuries per million kilometres down by 1.1% year-on-year.

  • Strong growth in shared e-bike usage with declining injury risk
    – E-bike trips increased by 72.3% between 2024 and 2025.
    – Despite this rapid expansion, injuries per million kilometres fell by 5.6%.


Micro-Mobility for Europe’s (MMfE) latest aggregated incident data shows that in 2025, shared e-scooter usage continued to grow significantly, with total kilometres travelled increasing by 13.9% compared to 2024.

Despite this expansion, injury risk improved, with total injuries per million kilometres falling by 1.1% year-on-year. Serious injury risk per million kilometres also declined, by 0.6% compared to 2024, indicating that the most severe outcomes are stabilising despite higher exposure. This indicates that safety performance is being maintained even as shared micro mobility services continue to scale across Europe.

Between 2021 and 2025, the longer-term safety trend for shared e- scooters remains positive. Injury risk per million kilometres has decreased 19.9%, demonstrating continued improvements in safety over time.

Shared e-bikes also recorded strong growth in 2025, with the number of trips increasing by 72.3% year-on-year and kilometres travelled by 49%. Despite this rapid expansion, safety outcomes improved, with injuries per million trips falling by 18.4% compared to 2024, confirming a positive safety trajectory as the sector scales.


Quote from Professor George Yannis, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA):

“The 2025 micromobility safety data reveals a promising trend: as shared e-scooter and e bike usage continues to grow across Europe, their injury risk appears to be decreasing.

This indicates that with technological advancements, responsible operation, and better urban infrastructure, safety can be boosted even as micromobility network expands.

Continued monitoring and increased availability of micromobility big data as well as evidence-based policies by both the Operators and the Authorities will be essential to sustain this positive trend and further support Europe’s Vision Zero ambition of reducing road fatalities.”


MMfE is currently working in collaboration with Professor Yannis from the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) on a more detailed analysis of micro-mobility safety trends, aimed at further strengthening the evidence base for policymaking and infrastructure improvements.

The data confirms that safety improvements are keeping pace with – and in many cases outpacing – the rapid growth of the sector. Over recent years, several factors have contributed to the steady decline in injury risk. Shared e-scooters and e-bikes operated by MMfE members incorporate advanced safety features, including speed caps that cannot be overridden, geofencing in sensitive areas such as pedestrian zones, and regular maintenance protocols.

In addition, awareness campaigns conducted jointly with cities have promoted responsible riding behaviour, while many European cities have invested in improved cycling and micro mobility infrastructure.

MMfE remains committed to contributing to the EU’s Vision Zero objective of eliminating road deaths and serious injuries. However, reductions in serious injuries and fatalities are not yet happening fast enough to meet the European Commission’s targets, and vulnerable road users (VRUs) remain among the most affected in urban traffic. The coalition therefore calls for stronger action to improve dedicated infrastructure for VRUs and for lower speed limits for motorized vehicles in cities. MMfE will continue working closely with policymakers, cities and stakeholders to improve safety conditions and further enhance safety standards across the sector.

MMfE data from 2025 is based on more than 353 million shared e- scooter trips covering more than 640 million km and more than 136 million shared e-bike rides covering more than 354 million km.

2025 data has been aggregated based on safety reports by Bolt, Dott, Lime and Voi, the leading shared micro-mobility operators in Europe and follows the same methodology as for the years 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 covering the EU27, Israel, Norway, Switzerland and the UK.


Quote from MMfE Co-Chair Marc Naether:
 “A 24% reduction in the risk of shared e-scooter injuries per million trips since 2021 shows that safer vehicle technology, rider education, sensibilisation measures by operators and continued investments in infrastructure are delivering measurable results. As demand for shared micro-mobility accelerates – with 353 million e-scooter trips and 136 million e-bike trips recorded in 2025 in Europe – our data confirms that growth and safety can go hand in hand. Shared e- bikes alone saw more than 72% more trips year-on-year while injury risk declined further. We look confidently to the future and remain committed to strengthening our services and deepening collaboration with decision-makers at local, regional, national and EU level to make Europe’s streets safer and more sustainable for all.”

Micro-Mobility for Europe’s statement on the position paper prepared by the Netherlands on the European technical harmonisation of personal mobility devices

Micro-Mobility for Europe (MMfE), the coalition of shared e-scooter and e-bike operators in Europe, welcomes the Netherlands’ timely call for a cohesive European policy on Personal Mobility Devices (PMDs). We commend the Netherlands and other supportive Member States to recognise that the current landscape of fragmented national regulation undermines both user safety and the potential of the European Single Market.  

MMfE supports the aim of the application of a universal approval system for e-scooters across Europe, but we stress that the chosen procedure must be proportionate and forward-looking. The lack of consistent national technical specifications for e-scooters (e.g. speed limits, lighting, braking systems) creates a fragmented market, increasing compliance costs and hindering standardised fleet deployment across different markets.


Need for a harmonised regulatory framework

2024, more than 312 million shared e-scooter trips and more than 79 million shared e-bike rides were made. MMfE supports the aim to create a harmonised regulatory environment and a level playing field across the EU. Currently, e-scooters are excluded from the Machinery Directive’s scope and Regulation 168/2013, resulting in a patchwork of inconsistent national rules.  The fragmentation creates barriers within the European Single Market and forces manufacturers to comply with inconsistent national rules. 

A harmonised EU regulatory framework will eliminate the above-mentioned market distortions, remove barriers to innovation and allow operators to scale within the European Single Market.   


Advocating for proportionate and harmonised technical requirements 

Adopting a uniform set of feasible technical specifications for shared e-scooters would ensure regulatory consistency while allowing operators to innovate and optimise their fleet. The proposed European solution by the Netherlands, referred to as a “type-approval-like system”, needs to be carefully discussed with the involvement of the industry. We believe that the involvement of the industry in coming up with standards is crucial, to ensure that standards will not impede the operations and availability of shared micro-mobility devices. MMfE thinks that the harmonised EU rules must be designed to avoid replicating the restrictive nature of some current national systems.

MMfE calls on the European Commission to follow up with legislative work on the findings of the fka/TRL study from 2024 and develop a universal approval system for all PMDs with the machine parameters proposed by the study.

Please find the statement of MMfE here. 

MMfE Statement on Assuralia Figures

September 2025   

 

This is a statement in response to an article published in the Brussels Times on 16 September 2025

Micro-Mobility for Europe (MMfE), the coalition of shared e-scooter and e-bike operators, takes note of the latest figures published by Assuralia on road incidents in Belgium, and associated articles in Belgian media. These numbers highlight the importance of continuing to improve road safety for all vulnerable users, including cyclists and micro-mobility riders.

It is important to stress that shared e-scooter services are not the main driver of the reported increase in incidents. Independent research and industry data consistently show that privately owned e-scooters are more often involved in severe accidents than shared ones. Shared fleets operate under strict speed caps, undergo regular maintenance, and apply geofencing technology to protect pedestrians and enforce no-go zones. In addition, shared services are often paused during adverse winter conditions.

At the same time, the study does not take into account the positive impacts of a shift towards soft mobility, such as improved public health, lower emissions, and reduced congestion. Evidence from across Europe demonstrates that the broader road environment, not the vehicle type, plays the decisive role in safety outcomes. Accident risks are far higher in cities with poor cycling and micro-mobility infrastructure, while investments in segregated lanes and lower car speed limits dramatically improve safety.

Industry data from Belgium shows that the safety of shared e-scooters has improved significantly in recent years. Between 2021 and 2024, the number of all reported injuries per million trips fell by around 40% (from 44 in 2021 to 26 in 2024), while injuries requiring medical treatment per million kilometres dropped by more than 40% (from 3.6 to 3.15). These trends confirm that as ridership grows, from more than 8 million in 2021 to more than 12 million in 2024, safety outcomes improve thanks to stricter rules, safer vehicles, and operator-led innovations such as geofencing and user education.

Policy efforts should build on this progress rather than resort to simplistic measures like mandatory helmet laws. Research shows that helmet mandates do not address the main causes of crashes, car dominance and poor infrastructure and risk discouraging people from cycling and riding, weakening the proven “safety in numbers” effect. Instead, Belgium should prioritise:

  • Investment in safe and dedicated infrastructure for cycling and micro-mobility,

  • Reducing speed limits in urban areas,

  • Discouraging car dependency, the main source of danger on our roads,

  • Collaborating with operators to promote responsible riding and parking.


Shared micro-mobility is a vital tool to make Belgian cities cleaner, safer, and more livable. By tackling the root causes of road danger—insufficient infrastructure and car dominance, we can ensure that e-scooters and e-bikes continue to contribute positively to mobility, safety, and sustainability.

Micro-Mobility for Europe feedback on the proposed regulatory options for PMDs by fka/TRL

July 2025   

 

Micro-Mobility for Europe welcomes the opportunity for continued exchange on the harmonised regulations for e-scooters. We support the aim of the application of harmonised rules for e-scooters across Europe.  Adopting a uniform set of feasible technical specifications for shared e-scooters  would encourage innovation and permit the growth of a transport mode with great potential to help the EU achieve its climate goal. MMfE would like to share the following feedback on the regulatory options that were proposed by fka/TRL to the European Commission.

You can find the full article here.

ETSC Report: Reducing serious injuries on European roads

May 2025 

 

Micro-Mobility for Europe (MMfE) members take road safety very seriously and remain committed to delivering the highest level of safety, starting from vehicle design to rider education and innovative safety features.

We welcome the latest report of the European Transport Safety Council (ETSC), which outlines new policy proposals to improve the safety of e-scooter users. We appreciate the continued recognition of e-scooter riders as vulnerable road users and support the report’s emphasis on a more comprehensive approach to urban road safety.

In particular, we welcome the report’s acknowledgment of the role that infrastructure plays in reducing risks. Investment in protected and well-maintained cycling infrastructure is essential to protect not only e-scooter riders but all vulnerable road users. Safe streets begin with thoughtful design.

We also agree that high-quality, harmonised data on incidents is crucial for evidence-based policy. MMfE continues to take proactive steps in aggregating and analysing data from shared e-scooter trips across Europe. The 2024 incident data shows that the injury risk for shared micro-mobility (e-scooters and e-bikes) decreased by 7.9% compared to 2023 and by 29.8% compared to 2021 (per million kilometres travelled). Notably, injury risk on shared e-scooters was 36% lower than on shared e-bikes, with 7.1 injuries per million trips compared to 11.1.

These figures demonstrate the continued safety gains in the shared micro-mobility sector and reinforce the importance of supporting its growth through policy. In terms of data transparency, MMfE members consistently provide a higher level of openness, particularly when compared to the public bike sharing sector.

It is equally important to ensure clear and consistent rules for all road users. MMfE believes that enforcement and communication are essential pillars of road safety, and supports efforts to clarify traffic regulations and ensure they are upheld fairly across all modes of transport.

However, MMfE does not support mandatory helmet requirements for e- scooter users. Evidence shows that such mandates do not address the root causes of risk, such as unsafe road infrastructure and motor vehicle dominance, and can discourage e-scooter use, undermining broader goals around sustainable and safe urban mobility. Instead, we advocate for encouraging voluntary helmet use through awareness campaigns, incentives, and availability schemes, alongside investment in safer road environments.

Improving road safety requires joint efforts from all road users, effective and enforceable rules, and room for innovation. We note that the report does not differentiate between private and shared e scooters. Since only shared devices are subject to speed caps that cannot be overridden, private devices pose greater regulatory challenges. These differences must be reflected in policy making without penalising shared services.

Any changes to technical standards or design requirements should follow through industry consultation and consider operational realities. MMfE remains open to dialogue with the ETSC, EU institutions, and local authorities to ensure policies support safe, accessible urban mobility.

 

Shared Micromobility: A Key Solution to Combat Transport Poverty

May 2025 

 

Cycling Industries Europe’s Bike Share Expert Group and Micro-Mobility for Europe Joint Press Release

Cycling Industries Europe (CIE) Bike Share Experts and Micro-Mobility for Europe (MMfE) emphasize the crucial role of shared micromobility services in addressing transport poverty and achieving a just transition towards sustainable mobility. Both organizations fully support the establishment of a Social Climate Fund (SCF), financed by revenues from the European Emissions Trading System (ETS), to provide affordable and accessible transport options for vulnerable communities.

CIE & MMfE members have jointly delivered position papers to the national ministries of the EU member states to ensure that bike and scooter sharing are well represented in the National Social Climate Fund Implementation Plans.

Proposals comprise different measures including

  • Investing into parking infrastructure for shared micromobility vehicles
  • Fix support budgets to expand existing bike sharing schemes into peripheral regions, well integrated into public transport systems
  • Flexible support budgets to implement Mobility Budgets or Social Tariffs for low-income people with access to all public and private shared micromobility services, or establishing incentive programs to support use-cases that otherwise cannot be served profitably, ex providing services in transport poor areas

Transport poverty, the inability to access affordable and reliable transportation, disproportionately affects low-income households. Shared micromobility services, such as e-bikes and e-scooters, offer a cost-effective and convenient solution to bridge this gap, particularly for short trips and first- and last-mile connections to public transport.

The Social Climate Fund presents a unique opportunity to invest in shared micromobility infrastructure and subsidize fares for those in need. By doing so, it can directly address transport poverty, improve social inclusion, and promote sustainable travel behavior.

CIE Bike Share Expert Group and MMfE are united in their commitment to the following objectives:

  • Expanding access to shared micromobility services in underserved communities.
  • Integrating shared micromobility with public transport networks.
  • Promoting the environmental and health benefits of shared micromobility.
  • Ensuring the safety and accessibility of shared micromobility for all users.

By working together, CIE Bike Share Expert Group and MMfE believe that shared micromobility can play a significant role in creating a more equitable and sustainable transport system for all.

Selected Country-by-Country position papers of our industry

Belgium – Le vélo en libre-service au cœur du Fonds social pour le climat en Belgique

Germany – Empfehlungen der Fahrradverbände

Italy – Mobilita-condivisa-e-vulnerabilita-alla-poverta-dei-trasporti-analisi-delle-misure- d’intervento by Observatorio Nazionale Sharing Mobility (Shared Mobility Platform) – The Shared Mobility Platform is an independent body monitoring and promoting all shared mobility services in Italy.

Netherlands – Het Sociaal Klimaatfonds – standpuntnota van de gedeelde micromobiliteit-industrie

Poland – Rekomendacje Stowarzyszenia Nowej Mobilności (PSNM)

Spain – Manifiesto de los actores de la bicicleta compartida en España para el FSC

Incident Data 2024


April 2025 

 

In 2024, injuries decreased by 7.9% per million kilometres. While the amount of trips increased by 4% more trips vis-à-vis 2023, the number of total injuries by shared e-scooter users decreased by 4%.

Between 2021 and 2024, the number of fatal injuries or serious injuries requiring medical treatment while riding an e-scooter dropped by 29.8% per million km.. Similarly, the number of fatal injuries or the ones requiring medical treatment related to shared e-bikes decreased by 13.3% per million km throughout 2022-2024.

MMfE aggregated data shows that the risk of a serious injury riding an e-scooter is lower than riding an e-bike, 15.4/million km and 20.1/million km respectively. 

In the last 4 years, several factors have contributed to the decrease in accidents while riding a shared e- scooter. Firstly, MMfE Members offer technologically advanced e-scooters with significantly improved safety features.

Additionally, educational campaigns in cooperation between some cities and micro-mobility operators helped to raise awareness regarding safe driving, and using vehicles properly, such as avoiding multiple people on a single scooter or driving while intoxicated. Moreover, European cities improved infrastructure creating safer conditions for shared micro- mobility users.

The European Commission‘s latest data for 2024 shows that urban road user fatalities occur overwhelmingly when a crash involves motorised vehicles. MMfE remains committed to improving road safety, especially for Vulnerable Road Users, by working towards Vision Zero, the EU’s objective to reduce road fatalities and serious injuries to zero, in collaboration with policymakers, cities, and micro-mobility users. MMfE believes that reducing overall speed limits can play a significant role in improving safety of VRUs. In comparison to privately owned micro-mobility vehicles, shared micro-mobility vehicles are subject to speed caps limiting maximum speed that cannot be overridden. Through geofencing, shared micro-mobility is further reducing the speed of their users in certain areas such as pedestrian zones, where required. In addition, shared devices are subject to regular maintenance and cannot be tampered with. 

MMfE data from 2024 is based on more than 312 million shared e-scooter trips covering more than 562 million km and more than 79 million shared e-bike rides covering more than 237 million km. 2024 data has been aggregated based on safety reports by Bird, Bolt, TIER-Dott, Lime and Voi, the leading shared micro-mobility operators in Europe and follows the same methodology as for the years 2021, 2022, and 2023 covering the EU27, Israel, Norway, Switzerland and the UK. 

Quote from MMfE Co-Chair Christy Pearson:

“A nearly 30% drop in injuries since 2021 shows that investments in infrastructure, rider education, and better vehicles are delivering real results. As cities look to reduce dependency on private cars and improve safety for everyone, shared e-scooters and e-bikes are proving they are not just sustainable, but increasingly secure. In addition, the demand for our members’ services continues to grow as we reached more than 312 million e-scooter and more than 79 million e-bike trips in 2024. We look positively in the future and want to strengthen our services and collaboration with decision makers on local, regional, national and EU level.”

Read the full article here.

Simplification of Regulation for Shared Micro-mobility


March 2025 

 

Despite our role in fostering sustainable mobility, the sector faces increasingly complex regulatory barriers. Many regulations, particularly under the EU Battery Regulation (Regulation 2023/1542), impose disproportionate burdens on shared mobility operators by treating fleet-managed vehicles as consumer products. This approach does not reflect the unique operational realities of shared micro-mobility and creates unnecessary obstacles to sustainable urban transport, hampering our contribution to the decarbonisation goals enshrined in the Green Deal. 

We urge EU policymakers to streamline regulations in a way that supports innovation, sustainability, and the single market. This is in line with findings of the Draghi Report and the Competitiveness Compass, and we call on EU decision-makers to take the specific needs of our sector into account in the upcoming horizontal Single Market Strategy, which will modernise the governance framework, by removing intra EU-barriers. 

In the following, we outline specific policy recommendations to ensure that the regulatory framework remains fit for purpose.

Read the full article here.

Micro-Mobility for Europe’s feedback on greening of corporate fleets initiative

July 2024 

 

Micro-Mobility for Europe (MMfE) is a coalition of shared micro-mobility providers such as short-term rental of electric scooters and bicycles. MMfE gathers the five major operators of shared e-bikes and e-scooters in Europe, namely Bird, Bolt, Lime, TIER-Dott and Voi. In 2023 alone, more than 300 million e-scooter and 58 million e-bike trips were taken in Europe, which shows that our members’ services are an established mobility option for urban dwellers.

MMfE contributes to achieving the decarbonisation targets of the European Green Deal by offering sustainable mobility solutions and therefore to reducing air pollution and traffic congestion in cities. As the recent Clean Cities Campaign publication found, shared mobility solutions are essential alternatives to car ownership and use.

MMfE believes that sustainable, active and collective mobility needs to be incentivised, instead of promoting car ownership rates. Given that private cars are not used for the vast majority of time, the aforementioned mobility modes offer a more resource efficient solution, especially in urban areas. While the greening of fleets is a step forward to achieve climate goals, we strongly call for increased investment in infrastructure for shared micro-mobility, and for acknowledging shared micro-mobility options as an alternative to company cars and private car ownership.

If Europe wants to move away from private car usage, there is a need to offer a variety of sustainable mobility options for citizens.

MMfE is calling on the European Commission to explore other means of transport such as shared micro-mobility to reduce environmental impact and increase resource efficiency by using shared e-scooters/e-bikes or bicycles.